Tonight we reviewed the Enlightenment Theory. There was a lot of material covered. This theory moves from rationalism (understanding through reason), to empiricism (understanding through senses), and ends with skepticism (understanding that true knowledge is not possible).
Out of the writings we discussed, I felt the easiest to grasp (not easy at all) was Kant’s, What is Enlightenment? This writing basically expresses the idea that to rise out of self-imposed immaturity, one must be able to understand things without the guidance of others. This concept seems basic enough, however, Kant goes on to explain that, “Nothing is required for this enlightenment, however, except freedom; and the freedom in question is the least harmful of all, namely, the freedom to use reason publicly in all matters.” (pg 2) He discusses restrictions on freedom in public and encourages private expression as long as it does not hinder the progression of enlightenment.
We also discussed the four reflective judgments to include: the agreeable (sensory), the good (ethical), the beautiful and the sublime; with the beautiful and sublime both falling under the subjective universal judgment. These reflective judgments lack a firm rule, whereas determinative judgments surpass subjectivity.
We touched on Rene Descartes and his idea that if you doubt your own existence than you can be sure that you do exist.
Alexander Pope’s, Essay on Criticism, was discussed briefly. His writing appeals to the neo-classical art in the 18th century and he suggests that you must know your strengths and weaknesses. This essay makes a point to silence the critics.
Works cited:
An Answer to the Question:
What is Enlightenment? (1784) Immanuel Kant
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